Microprocessor

Introduction Of Microprocessor

A microprocessor is a small electronic device that acts as the "brain" of a computer or other digital device. It's a type of integrated circuit that contains millions of tiny components, including transistors, resistors, and capacitors, which work together to carry out complex calculations and instructions.

The microprocessor receives input from various sources, such as a keyboard or mouse, and processes this data according to a set of instructions stored in its memory. It then produces output in the form of text, graphics, sound, or other types of signals, which can be displayed on a screen or sent to other devices.

In simpler terms, a microprocessor is a tiny but powerful electronic device that controls the functions of many digital devices we use every day, such as computers, smartphones, and game consoles.

Versions OF Microprocessor.

8085 :- The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1977. It was one of the first microprocessors to be widely used in personal computers, and it had a clock speed of 3.125 MHz. The 8085 had a simple instruction set and could address up to 64 KB of memory.

8086 :- The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1978. It had a clock speed of 5 MHz and could address up to 1 MB of memory. The 8086 was the basis for the x86 family of microprocessors, which are still used in many personal computers today.

80286 :- The 80286 is a 16-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1982. It had a clock speed of up to 25 MHz and could address up to 16 MB of memory. The 80286 introduced protected mode, which allowed for more secure and efficient multitasking.

80386 :- The 80386 is a 32-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1985. It had a clock speed of up to 33 MHz and could address up to 4 GB of memory. The 80386 introduced virtual memory, which allowed for more efficient use of memory and improved performance.

80586 :- The Pentium series of microprocessors, introduced by Intel in 1993, were based on the x86 architecture and were the first microprocessors to be marketed under the "Pentium" brand name. The Pentium microprocessors had clock speeds of up to 233 MHz and could address up to 4 GB of memory.

Core i7 :- The Core i7 is a microprocessor introduced by Intel in 2008. It is based on the x86 architecture and is part of the Intel Core series of microprocessors. The Core i7 has clock speeds of up to 4 GHz and can address up to 128 GB of memory. It has multiple cores and supports hyper-threading, which allows for more efficient multitasking. The Core i7 is used in high-performance desktop and laptop computers, as well as in servers and workstations.

Overall, the microprocessors listed here represent a progression in processing power, speed, and capabilities over time. The 8085 was a simple 8-bit microprocessor, while the Core i7 is a highly advanced 64-bit microprocessor with multiple cores and advanced features.

Types Of Microprocessor :-

There are different types of microprocessors, classified based on their architecture, instruction set, and performance. Here are some of the most common types:

1. CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) microprocessors: These microprocessors have a large set of instructions, which allows them to perform complex operations and reduce the number of instructions required to perform a task.

2. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) microprocessors: These microprocessors have a simpler instruction set, which allows them to execute instructions more quickly and efficiently. They are commonly used in embedded systems, such as mobile phones and networking devices.

3. DSP (Digital Signal Processor) microprocessors: These microprocessors are optimized for processing digital signals, such as audio and video data. They are commonly used in devices that require real-time processing, such as audio and video players.

4. GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) microprocessors: These microprocessors are designed for performing complex graphics operations, such as rendering 3D images and videos. They are commonly used in gaming consoles, high-end graphics workstations, and supercomputers.

5. Multi-core microprocessors: These microprocessors have multiple processing cores, which allow them to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. They are commonly used in high-performance computing, such as scientific simulations and data analysis.

Overall, the type of microprocessor used depends on the specific requirements of the device or application.

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8086 CPU Architecture

Microprocessor 8086 Architecture :-

1. 8086 is a 40 pin IC.
2. It is a 16-bit processor.
3. Its operating voltage is 5 volts.
4. Its operating frequency is 5 MHz.
5. Total memory addressing capacity is 1MB (external).
6. It has 16-bit data bus and 20-bit address bus.
7. It has fourteen 16-bit registers.
8. Higher throughput (speed).
9. It has around 20000 transistors in its circuitry and it is made in HMOS technology.

Block Diagram Of IC 8086

Execution Unit (EU) :-

1. The EU is responsible for executing instructions of the program.
2. It contains the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) which performs arithmetic and logical operations on data.
3. The EU also includes the General Purpose Registers (GPR) which are used to hold data during processing.
4. The EU has the Instruction Pointer (IP) which holds the address of the next instruction to be executed.
5. The EU performs the actual processing of data and produces the results of computations.

Bus Interface Unit (BIU) :-

1. The BIU is responsible for interfacing the microprocessor with the system bus.
2. It contains the Segment Registers (SR) which hold the segment addresses.
3. The BIU has the Memory Address Registers (MAR) which hold the memory address of the data to be accessed.
4. The BIU also includes the Instruction Queue (IQ) which stores up to six instruction bytes.
5. The Prefetch Queue (PQ) is also part of the BIU and stores up to four bytes of data that have been prefetched from memory.
6. The BIU fetches instruction bytes from memory and places them in the IQ.
7. It also calculates the memory address of the data to be accessed and places it in the MAR.
8. The BIU is responsible for transferring data between the microprocessor and memory.

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